Posted by Buffalo Latino VillageAlberto O. CappasLATINO HERITAGE MONTH(Officially known as Hispanic Heritage Month; the writer prefers “Latino”—a topic deserving its own discussion.)-a subject always in progress-Introduction:Latino Heritage Month is a United States observance honoring the histories, cultures, and contributions of Americans whose ancestors hail from Spain, Mexico, the Caribbean, Central, and South America. The terms “Hispanic” and “Latino” are often used interchangeably, but “Latino” emphasizes ancestry from Latin American countries, including non-Spanish-speaking backgrounds, whereas “Hispanic” refers specifically to Spanish-speaking heritage..Origins and Historical Background: Latino Heritage Month was first established as a week-long observance in 1968 under President Lyndon Johnson, thanks to the advocacy of Latino members of Congress. In 1988, President Ronald Reagan signed a law expanding the observance to a full month, from September 15 to October 15. The starting date is historically significant: September 15 marks the independence anniversaries for Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. Mexico celebrates its independence on September 16, and Chile on September 18, all within this period. The purpose of Latino Heritage Month is to acknowledge and celebrate the diverse influence of Latino Americans in shaping U.S. society, from the arts and sciences to sports, politics, and beyond. The observance also encourages reflection on Latino history, advocacy, traditions, and achievements, highlighting both visible contributions and the “quiet strength” of Latino families and communities. With over 60-plus million Latinos in the United States today, this month serves as a powerful reminder of their growing presence and the enrichment they bring to American life. For example, Trump’s victory is attributed to the high number of Latinos that voted for the Republican candidate, a decision that now many regrets due to the president’s horror of his immigration policy.How Latino Heritage Month Is Celebrated: The month is marked by festivals, educational events, cultural programs, and special proclamations by local elected officials and community leaders. It is a time for teaching and learning about Latino heritage, exploring vibrant cultural expressions—from food and music to art and historical narratives—and inspiring younger generations. In Buffalo, like many other communities, the political history is omitted, emphasizing more on Arts and Culture contribution, and leaving out the struggles of the Latino heroes that made independence possible.Latino American Independence and Omitted Histories: Most Latino American countries won independence from Spain in the early 19th century, though a few remain non-sovereign territories today. Latino Heritage Month aims to honor the uniqueness of each nation’s fight for freedom, but many leading organizations neglect the historical legacy of struggle and heroism.Countries That Won Independence:Mexico: Mexico’s fight for independence began in 1810 and culminated in 1821, marked by mass uprisings led by national figures like Miguel Hidalgo and Agustín de Iturbide. It was the emergence of a new Mexican identity and a rejection of foreign royalist control that shaped its future as a sovereign nation. Heroes: Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (initiated the independence movement in 1810), José María Morelos (continued the fight), and Agustín de Iturbide (who finalized independence in 1821).Colombia: Colombia declared independence from Spain in 1810. With the leadership of revolutionary figures such as Simón Bolívar, it became the first South American state to win its freedom, influencing neighboring countries’ liberation movements. Heroes: Simón Bolívar (the Liberator, led the northern territories to independence), Francisco de Paula Santander (Bolívar’s lieutenant and political leader).Venezuela: Venezuela officially broke from Spain in 1811, experiencing a turbulent civil war between royalists and independence seekers. Manuel Francisco de Miranda and later Simón Bolívar were key figures in the fight that would inspire further revolutions across the continent. Heroes: Simón Bolívar (central figure and military leader), Francisco de Miranda (early revolutionary leader).Argentina: Argentina gained independence in 1816 after a series of regional revolts and the formation of local governments. The movement was strengthened by dynamics in Europe and the leadership of José de San Martín, sparking broader South American liberation efforts. Heroes: José de San Martín (main military leader), Manuel Belgrano (key revolutionary figure).Chile: Chile achieved freedom after a long process, with a declaration in 1818 following years of local conflict and civil war. Bernardo O’Higgins and San Martín were essential leaders in the final push for sovereignty. Heroes: Bernardo O’Higgins (leader and first head of state), José de San Martín (helped liberate Chile and then led further campaigns).Peru: Peru was one of the last regions to break away, declaring independence in 1821, with final Spanish defeat occurring in 1824 after military intervention by Bolívar and San Martín. For years, Lima remained a royalist stronghold until the combined efforts of South American allies prevailed. Heroes: José de San Martín (initial liberation campaign), Simón Bolívar (finished the fight), Antonio José de Sucre (victorious general in battles).Ecuador, Paraguay, Bolivia, and Central America: Ecuador won freedom in 1822, Paraguay in 1811, and Bolivia in 1825 after epic struggles spearheaded by regional leaders like Sucre and Bolívar. The nations of Central America—Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua—proclaimed independence collectively in 1821, breaking from Spanish colonial governance.Heroes:Ecuador: Simón Bolívar and Antonio José de Sucre (led liberation campaigns).Paraguay: José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (led early independence movement).Bolivia: Antonio José de Sucre (key military leader and first president).Central America (Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua): Collective declaration with regional leaders like José Cecilio del Valle (Honduras), Manuel José Arce (El Salvador).Uruguay: Uruguay gained independence in 1825, following conflicts involving Spain, Brazil, and Argentina, with local leader José Artigas playing a central role. Heroes: José Gervasio Artigas (leader of independence movement), with others like Fructuoso Rivera.Panama: Panama achieved self-rule in 1821, initially joining Gran Colombia and later asserting its own national identity. Heroes: Initially part of Gran Colombia under Bolívar’s leadership.Cuba: Cuba endured a protracted struggle, gaining formal independence in 1898 though remaining under U.S. influence until 1902. Heroes: José Martí (intellectual and leader), Máximo Gómez (general), Antonio Maceo (commander), Calixto García (leader).Dominican Republic: The Dominican Republic declared independence several times; its final liberation from Spain came in 1865 after multiple occupations and wars. Heroes: Juan Pablo Duarte, Francisco del Rosario Sánchez, Matías Ramón Mella (the Founding Fathers).Colonies